Marxist revolutionary? What were the possible alternatives? Inparticular, could Russia join constitutional rather thanrevolutionary order along the lines indicated by the US PresidentWoodrow Wilson in his vision of a world made safe fordemocracy? My Chapter 2 concludes with a response to theOctober Revolution by a Russian historian, E.V.Tarle, implicitlycloser to Wilsonism than to Leninism.The second pair of chapters takes discussion of constitutionaland revolutionary order from the opening of the twentieth centuryto the immediate aftermath of the First World War, then throughthe Second World War to 1962 when the Cold War reached its climaxin the Cuba Crisis. However, the emphasis is not on the historicalevents, but on the writing of history. The basic question here is:how did a representative selection of Western historians react toemerging world order and disorder? Here, it should be pointedout that the profession of historian was one of the world’s youngest:up to the late nineteenth century, few if any writers had been ableto make a living solely through the investigation of the humanpast. That is not to say that there was no worthwhile historicalwriting in earlier centuries, but rather that the practitioners whomwe will meet in Chapter 3 were very conscious of theircomparatively new-found importance. Moreover, the beginningof the twentieth century marked a turning point, distinctiveresponses to which came from such historians as Karl Lamprechtin Germany, Henri Berr in France and Lord Acton in England. Adecade or so later, a general opportunity for discussing questionsof global and not so global significance arose at the InternationalCongress of Historical Sciences meeting in London in April 1913.In fact, ‘International’ tended strongly to mean ‘European’ for manyof the delegates, who were at the same time clearly moved by thespirit of nationalism, with most opportunities for celebration ofthat spirit given to the majority of those in attendance—from thehost nation. However, minorities from Russia and the USA madetheir mark, which was to be more distinctive after the First WorldWar and Russian Revolution. In particular, the centre of the English-speaking world was poised to move considerably to the west oflongitude 30 in mid-Atlantic where Lord Acton had placed it in1896, as the USA overtook the UK and the other European powersas potential world leader.Chapter 4 begins with the reaction of one of the 1913 LondonCongress delegates, Henri Pirenne, to the cataclysm of the First